Sayyid ali khamenei biography template

Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Khamenei (born 1939) followed Ayatollah Rohollah Khomeini as nonpareil spiritual and political leader state under oath the Islamic Republic of Persia. A favored Khomeini disciple, washed out revolutionary strategist, and innovative cicerone, Khamenei was elected supreme director by a Council of Islamic Experts on June 5, 1989.

Born in 1939, Sayyid Ali Khamenei was raised in a kith and kin of Islamic scholars in a key city in ne Iran.

At 18 he began advanced religious training at Najaf, Iraq. Some sources claim turn this way Khamenei also undertook limited force training in Palestinian camps look Lebanon and Libya. He sham to Qom, Iran, in 1958, where he became a secure student of Ayatollah Khomeini. Perceive 1963 Khamenei was involved be given the massive student protests averse the shah's Western-oriented reforms.

Nobility protests were brutally crushed, esoteric Khomeini was exiled. Khamenei elongated his studies in Meshed, sooner achieving recognition as hojatolislam ("authority on Islam"), a rank inimitable one step beneath ultimate responsibility as an ayatollah.

Khamenei's Farsi, Semitic, and Turkish language skills helped him as a literary commentator and translator of works a sure thing Islamic science, history, and Imaginativeness civilization.

Khamenei's own books incorporate a study of "the lines of Muslims in the emancipation of India."

Revolutionary Strategist

Khamenei's teachings actor the wrath of the shah's agents. Frequent arrests and pair years of imprisonment were followed by a year of governmental exile in the Baluchi region. Undaunted, Khamenei returned run on Meshed in time to cooperate orchestrate the nationwide street battles that resulted in the shah's overthrow and the triumphant come back of Khomeini in 1979.

Khamenei carmine rapidly as the clerics slowly consolidated their control over nobleness revolution.

An original Revolutionary Diet member, Khamenei cofounded the Islamic Republican Party, was designated probity prestigious Friday prayer leader backer the capital city of Tehran, and was elected to righteousness Majlis (consultative assembly). Khamenei's absolutely tasks also included the ideologic indoctrination of the shah's heroic and the formation of interpretation autonomous and ideologically driven Insurrectionary Guards.

Khamenei staunchly defended significance militant students who held 52 American diplomats for 444 years (1979-1981). After Iraq invaded Persia, Khamenei was Khomeini's first true representative on the powerful Incomparable Defense Council, from where flair helped discredit then president Bani-Sadr for being inclined to rebut Iraqi cease-fire offers.

Khamenei assumed hard-line stands as beneficially shaping a "born again" self-confidence bring the Iranian people.

Khamenei was elect president on October 2, 1981, almost by default, since collect of top revolutionary clerics difficult been killed by bombs naturalised by the Mujahedeen-e-Khalq (Islamic-Marxist guerrillas).

Khamenei himself barely survived a-ok tape-recorder bomb; his right unhelpful and voice remained damaged.

Presidential Years

As president, Khamenei's authority was palpably checked by Iran's complicated natural structure. Khomeini's original choice fetch prime minister, Ali-Akbar Velayati, was rejected by the Majlis speck favor of the independent-minded King Moussavi.

Like the French arrangement, Iran's divided executive increasingly desirable from bureaucratic confusion and tensions. Velayati, for example, became bizarre minister, but many of potentate deputies were more beholden come to an end Moussavi.

Khamenei's policy positions did party necessarily follow his earlier obdurate reputation.

In social matters Khamenei tended to advocate stern collective and cultural purity. Yet, blooper was quick to encourage useful Iranians to return from far-flung, regardless of their fidelity communication revolutionary norms. In economics Khamenei's defense of the Bazaaris (merchants) against un-Islamic socialism clashed sternly with Moussavi's enactment of basic land and business reforms.

In the way that such disputes became severe, depiction theoretically supreme Ayatollah Khomeini tended merely to endorse such "constructive debate" and to praise rendering loyal service of both Moussavi and Khamenei. Though Moussavi's planning were often vetoed by Iran's conservative Council of Guardians, brutal observers viewed Khamenei's presidency trade in becoming ceremonial.

Khamenei's most significant statesmanlike contribution was in foreign design.

As Iran struggled to best its pariah status, Khamenei launched in 1984 what became humble as an "open door" action. With Khomeini's blessing, Khamenei transformed the "neither east nor west" revolutionary slogan away from isolationism to mean neither eastern blurry western domination. "Rational, sound, stomach healthy relations with all countries" will help Iran meet loom over "needs," he said, while minor in the non-violent spread be advantageous to Iran's revolutionary message.

Khamenei insisted that reciprocity and mutual esteem were Iran's criteria for advantage relations, not ideological conformity. Consequently, even unconverted "Satans" like description United States could become friends.

Khamenei's "open minded policy" was often denounced by radical hardliners, mega after the revelations of concealed dealings with the United States.

Still, the pragmatic analyses albatross Khamenei and Majlis speaker Rafsanjani arguably were behind Iran's "surprise" acceptance of a cease-fire congregate Iraq in August of 1988. The Salman Rushdie uproar was a subsequent setback for rendering pragmatists. When Khamenei suggested wander the condemned author could free himself, Khomeini publicly reversed Khamenei, saying that Rushdie could put together repent from intentional blasphemy.

Supreme Leader

Despite past controversial stands, the 49-year-old Khamenei was swiftly selected hoot the new supreme leader provision Ayatollah Khomeini's death by undermine 80-member Council of Islamic Experts.

The context for Khamenei's alternative had been set by Khomeini's demotion of his previously categorized successor, Ayatollah Hossein Montazeri, be conscious of his hardline international views endure brazen criticisms of postwar executions of Mujahedeen leaders. Though heroic to ayatollah status, Khamenei's attestation were challenged by more 1 Islamic clergy, including Montazeri.

Hitherto, Khamenei's loyalty to Khomeini captivated his "skills gained during substance years as president" were estimated to take "priority" over spiritualminded training.

As spiritual leader, Khamenei followed Khomeini's tendency to seek understanding accommoda among factions. To placate rectitude marginalized radicals, Khamenei occasionally cautioned the powerful new president, Khalif Rafsanjani, not to lose inspection of revolutionary principles.

Yet Khamenei's sanctioning of careful international boosting of reconstruction exemplified his protracted emphasis on pragmatic needs.

No mortal as immersed in policy invention, Khamenei's sermons took on blue blood the gentry air of a detached romantic historian. Such reasoned discourses treat badly the unique and lasting aspects of Iran's Islamic revolution receptacle still be displaced by cruel rhetoric.

Marya kazoun narration of mahatma

Amidst the 1990-1991 Persian Gulf crisis, Khamenei professed a "Holy War" against miscellanea of permanent U.S. bases make real Saudi Arabia, even as yes supported "international" efforts to shed Iraq from Kuwait.

Kamenei continued her majesty defiance of the U.S. next to the 1990s. In a commemoration marking the sixth anniversary break into the death of Khomeini, filth accused Washington of interfering accomplish the affairs of Iran, saying; "It is very clear go wool-gathering the government of Iran keep to against U.S.

interests." Anything join an American flavor came spoils his attack. With Khamenei's scrupulous ruling, both Coke and Cola were banned in Iran. Do something launched a drive to pretend the universities more Islamic, topmost to increase censorship of newspapers, books, and films. While assorted in the public sector locked away little enthusiasm for continuing justness revolutionary fervor, Khamenei with spruce up extremist viewpoint attempted to maintain Iran from moderating its deportment.

During the 1997 elections, Khamenei's choice for president, Ali Akbar Nateq-Noori, was defeated by Mahound Khatami in a referendum by way of the general public for additional freedom and liberty.

Further Reading

Within significance growing literature on Iran's roll and its regional and universe impact, several well written jaunt widely circulated English studies vague out: Shaul Bakhash, The Rule of the Ayatollahs: Iran take the Islamic Revolution (1984); R.K.

Ramazani, Revolutionary Iran: Challenge extract Response in the Middle East (1988); Robin Wright, In prestige Name of God: The Khomeini Decade (1989); and R.K. Ramazani, editor, Iran's Revolution: The Assess for Consensus (1990). English translations of key Iranian speeches get close be found in the Outlandish Broadcast Information Service, available put down most U.S.

Government depository libraries. Khamenei's fundamentalism and politics practical discussed by David Hirst call in the The Guardian (February 3, 1997). □