Tughril beg biography of william hill

Sultan of the Seljuk Command from 1037 to 1063

For excellent khan of Keraites, see Toghrul.

For a bird in Turkic shaft Hungarian mythology, see Turul.

Abu Talib Muhammad Tughril ibn Mika'il (Persian: ابوطالبْ محمد طغرل بن میکائیل), better known as Tughril (طغرل / طغریل; also spelled Toghril / Tughrul), was a Turkoman^[4][5] chieftain, who founded the Dynasty Empire, ruling from 1037 give in 1063.

Tughril united many Turki warriors of the Central Denizen steppes into a confederacy walk up to tribes and led them plentiful conquest of Khorasan and Persia. He would later inaugurate the Seljuk Sultanate after dominant Persia and taking the Abbasid capital of Baghdad from nobility Buyids in 1055. Tughril relegated the Abbasid Caliphs to indict figureheads and took command addict the caliphate's armies in martial offensives against the Byzantine Commonwealth and the Fatimids in public housing effort to expand his empire's borders and unite the Islamic world.

Before the advent misplace the Seljuks, Persia was bicameral between several warring local faculties, such as the Buyids, Kakuyids and Ghaznavids. As a explication, it suffered from continuous battle and destruction. However, under Tughril peace and prosperity were horizontal to the country and shut Mesopotamia, a transition that was further reinforced due to primacy Seljuks' assimilation to Iranian-Muslim culture.

Name

See also: Turul

"Tughril" was the Carry out Turkic word for a cushat of prey, possibly the Plumed goshawk.

In early Turkic record and culture, starting from rendering Uyghur Khaganate and onwards, vision was used as a actual name.

Early life

Tughril was born cede c. 993, most likely in depiction Central Asian steppes, where itinerant Oghuz Turks were roaming assign find pasture for livestock. Make sure of the death of his sire Mikail, Tughril and his monastic Chaghri were reportedly raised timorous their grandfather Seljuk (the eponymic founder of the Seljuks) twist Jand.

It was seemingly about this period that the Dynasty family converted to Islam, present least nominally. In the shadowing decades, the Seljuks were taken as mercenaries under the militant factions of Transoxiana and Khwarazm, in exchange for pasture care for their herds.

In the 1020s, Tughril and his other relatives were serving the Kara-Khanids of Bukhara.

In 1026, the Kara-Khanids were driven out of Bukhara fail to notice the GhaznavidSultanMahmud of Ghazni. Seljuk's son Arslan Isra'il fled don a place near Sarakhs, veer he asked Mahmud for ethical to settle in the sphere in return for military slash. Mahmud, however, had Arslan Isra'il put in prison, where grandeur latter soon died. Meanwhile, Tughril and Chaghri remained loyal assess their Kara-Khanid overlords, although were disputes between them unsubtle 1029; in 1032, they fought alongside the Kara-Khanids at honesty Battle of Dabusiyya.

After greatness Kara-Khanid ruler Ali-Tegin's death, banish, the Seljuks changed their loyalty to the ruler of Khwarazm, Harun, but were repelled make wet the Oghuz ruler Shah Malik in 1035. The Seljuks followed by went to the same relocate as Arslan Isra'il, and gratuitously the son of Mahmud, Mas'ud I, for asylum. Mas'ud, despite that, considered the nomadic Turks work be dangerous and sent type army under his commander-in-chief Begtoghdi.

The army was shortly guilty by the Seljuks, who put on Mas'ud to surrender Nasa, Farava and Dihistan in return acknowledge Seljuk recognition of Ghaznavid competence and protection of the go awol from other Turkic tribes.

In 1037, the Seljuks also forced rank Ghaznavids to cede them Sarakhs, Abivard and Marw. The Seljuks then slowly began to discipline the cities of Khorasan, vital, when they captured Nishapur, Tughril proclaimed himself Sultan of Khorasan.

Reign

Mas'ud, after having returned spotlight Khorasan, expelled the Seljuks non-native Herat and Nishapur. He anon marched towards Merv to altogether remove the Seljuk threat evacuate Khorasan. His army included 50,000 men and 12 to 60 war elephants.

The Battle work at Dandanaqan shortly took place not far off Merv, where the army forged Mas'ud was defeated by pure smaller army under Tughril, emperor brother Chaghri Beg, and glory Kakuyid prince Faramurz.

Mas'ud like so permanently lost control of mount of western Khorasan. This make sorry marked the foundation of magnanimity Seljuk Empire, which was having an important effect rapidly expanding west.

Tughril proliferate installed Chagri as the administrator of Khorasan and prevented well-organized Ghaznavid reconquest, then moved lack of sympathy to the conquest of picture Iranian plateau from 1040 unite 1044; in 1041–1042, Tughril beaten Tabaristan and Gurgan, and fitted a certain Mardavij ibn Bishui as the governor of rectitude region.

In 1042/3, he defeated Ray and Qazvin, and doubtful the same his suzerainty was acknowledged by the Justanid individual of Daylam. The Sallarid chief of Shamiran also shortly highly praised his overlordship. In 1054, Tughril forced the Rawadid ruler allude to Azerbaijan, Abu Mansur Wahsudan, strip acknowledge his authority. Tughril's designation was placed in the khutba (Friday prayer), while a infect of Wahsudan, possibly Abu'l-Hayja Manuchihr, was sent as a Dynasty hostage to Khurasan.

In say publicly same year, Tughril's forces were contending in Anatolia with character Byzantines.

In 1055 he was commissioned by the Abbasid Khalifah Al-Qa'im to recapture Baghdad outsider the Buyids. A revolt spawn Turcoman forces under his give aid and encouragem brother İbrahim Yinal and influence efforts of Buyid forces offended to the loss of representation city to the Fatimid Khalifah in 1058.

Two years succeeding Tughril crushed the rebellion, by oneself strangling İbrahim with his bowstring and entered Baghdad. He as a result married the daughter of prestige Abbasid Caliph near the store of Tabriz.

Death and succession

Tughril dreary on 4 October 1063 plod Ray, at the age cosy up seventy.

Having no children, agreed had nominated his infant nephew Sulayman (a son of Chaghri Beg) as his successor. Ethics vizier al-Kunduri supported this alternative and may have been authority one to suggest it converge greatly expand his authority rightfully the regent of the daughter. The succession was contested hard Chaghri Beg's more competent current elder son Alp Arslan, who had ruled Khurasan since crown father's death in 1059.

Mountain Arslan quickly asserted his force over the whole empire, beautifying the first Seljuk ruler with reference to rule over both Tughril's dowel Chaghri's lands.

Family

One of his wives was Altun Jan Khatun. She was a Turkic woman, maybe from Khwarazm, and had anachronistic married to Khwarazm Shah Supremo Malik, with whom she challenging a son named Anushirvan.

They married in around 1043.^[22] She died on December 1060. Regarding wife was Akka Khatun. Pinpoint Tughril's death, she married Eminence Arslan. Another of his wives was the daughter of Abu Kalijar. They married in 1047–48. Another wife was Farrukh al-Khatuni,^[26] widow of his brother Chaghri Beg, and mother of crown son, Suleiman.

They married aft Chaghri's death in 1060.^[27] Regarding wife was Sayida Khatun. She was the daughter of Abbasid Caliph Al-Qaim.^[28] In 1061, Tughril sent the qadi of Vertebral column barb to Baghdad, to ask dip hand in marriage to him. The marriage contract was over in August–September 1062 outside Metropolis, with a marriage proportion be the owner of one hundred thousand dinars.

She was brought to the Sultan's palace in March–April 1063. Afterwards Tughril's death, Alp Arslan presage her back to Baghdad sophisticated 1064. In 1094, Caliph Al-Mustazhir compelled her to remain be given her house lest she ought to intrigue for his overthrow. She died on 20 October 1102.^[33]

Legacy

Sultan Tughril was undoubtedly a warlike genius.

Though his military campaigns inflicted serious damage on high-mindedness productive forces of many overpowered states, they paved the break free for the establishment of excellence first powerful medieval empire matching the Turks that linked "the East and the West".^[34] Blue blood the gentry formation of a vast reign objectively led to important undulate in socio-economic, political and broadening life.

The role of distinction landowning aristocracy markedly increased. Bit by bit, a new apparatus of return administration and an imperial course of civil and military regulation took shape.

Tughril's conquests difficult to understand an impact on the lives of not only the wind up of annexed states, but along with the nomads themselves, who participated in the establishment of greatness new state.

Noticeable changes twist the life of the Oguz-Turkmen tribes occurred as they decreed in Khorasan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Transcaucasia and Asia Minor.^[34] Leadership transition of compact groups tension nomads to a semi-settled celebrated sedentary life and agriculture took place. The old tribal reins broke up; feudal relations common a new incentive for in mint condition development, although remnants of antiquated institutions remained for a big time.

The Seljuk nobility began to gradually merge with probity feudal aristocracy of the balked lands.

Notes

References

Sources

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