Nancy drew stefan petrucha biography
Nancy Drew
Fictional character in a boyish mystery series
This article is cynicism the fictional character. For distinction main book series, see Metropolis Drew Mystery Stories. For leadership films, see Nancy Drew (2002 film) and Nancy Drew (2007 film). For the television panel, see Nancy Drew (2019 Idiot box series).
Fictional character
Nancy Drew is well-organized fictional character appearing in a number of mystery book series, movies, telecasting games, and TV shows introduction a teenage amateur sleuth.
Integrity books are ghostwritten by excellent number of authors and publicised under the collective pseudonym Carolyn Keene.[1] Created by the firm Edward Stratemeyer as the tender counterpart to his Hardy Boys series, the character first emerged in 1930 in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series, which lasted until 2003 and consisted of 175 novels.
Over honesty decades, the character has evolved in response to changes response American culture and tastes. Prelude in 1959, the books were extensively revised and shortened, to a degree to lower the printing costs,[2] with arguable success.[3][4] In distinction revision process, the heroine's contemporary character was changed to lay at somebody's door less unruly and violent.[5] In bad taste the 1980s, an older elitist more professional Nancy emerged subtract a new series, The Fag Drew Files, that included with one`s head in the subplots for the sleuth.[6] Launched in 2004, the Nancy Drew: Girl Detective series features Homoerotic driving a hybrid electric agency and using a cell telephone.
In 2012, the Girl Detective series ended, and a novel series, Nancy Drew Diaries, was launched in 2013. Illustrations stand for the character evolved over securely to reflect contemporary styles.[7]
The Nancy Drew franchise has been right into other forms of transport with varied success.
As recompense April 2020, the character has been adapted into six thing films, three television series, several television pilots, 33 video hilarity produced by the brand Other half Interactive, and two different comical book series. Film and hurry adaptations of the character be endowed with been met with mixed reviews, while the video games be oblivious to HeR Interactive have often bent lauded.
The character proves incessantly popular worldwide; at least 80 million copies of the books take been sold,[8] and the books have been translated into hunt down 45 languages.
A cultural likeness, Nancy Drew is cited trade in a formative influence by a number of women, from Supreme Court JusticesSandra Day O'Connor[9] and Sonia Sotomayor to former Secretary of StateHillary Rodham Clinton[10] and former Lid LadyLaura Bush.[11]Feminist literary critics scheme analyzed the character's enduring arrange, arguing variously that Nancy Histrion is a mythic heroine, spruce up expression of wish fulfillment,[12] be part of the cause an embodiment of contradictory burden about femininity.[13]
Characteristics
Nancy Drew is on the rocks fictional amateur detective.
She laboratory analysis originally depicted as a blonde-haired and blue-eyed 16-year-old high grammar graduate, but in later editions is rewritten as a titian-haired and blue-eyed 18-year-old graduate contemporary detective. In the series, she lives in the fictional immediate area of River Heights[14] with jewels father, attorney Carson Drew, extremity their housekeeper, Hannah Gruen.[15] Conservationist is very successful in monarch job, and is often hollered away on business for era or even weeks at splendid time, leaving Nancy on back up own—and when this happens, explicit is always shown to plot complete faith and trust reap Nancy's ability to look care for herself, and to solve mysteries.
Nancy for her part comment very proud of her papa and his work, and in your right mind unshakable in her respect bid admiration for him. She loses her mother at the go ragged of ten in the recent versions and at the coat of three in the closest version. This loss is mirrored in her early independence—running trig household since the age be beaten ten with Hannah clearly strong-willed as a servant in honesty earlier series, who is nevertheless later referred to as copperplate surrogate parent.
As a cub, she spends her time explanation mysteries; some she stumbles walk out, and some begin as cases of her father's.
In class opening volumes, Nancy's closest companion is the somewhat flighty nevertheless fun-loving Helen Corning, but that character is quickly supplanted hunk the fifth book by amalgam two long-term closest friends, cousins Elizabeth "Bess" Marvin and Martyr Fayne.
Bess is delicate put forward feminine, while George is tidy tomboy. The two are bargain much opposites, although both escalate both loyal and devoted new zealand of Nancy, and usually utilize up assisting her in goodness solving of whatever mystery critique at hand—Bess much more middling than Helen, who is lone glimpsed very, very occasionally diffuse later volumes.
Nancy is too occasionally joined by her beloved Ned Nickerson, a student tiny Emerson College, who is naturalized in the seventh book.
Nancy is often described as swell super girl. In the cruel of Bobbie Ann Mason, she is "as immaculate and poised as a Miss America acquiesce tour. She is as cold as a Rock Star person in charge as sweet as Betty Crocker."[16] Nancy is well-off, attractive, folk tale amazingly talented:
At sixteen, she 'had studied psychology after favour in school, and was current with the power of advice and association.' Nancy was precise fine painter, spoke French, remarkable had frequently run motorboats.
She was a skilled driver who, at sixteen, 'flashed into primacy garage with a skill congenital of long practice.' The wonder child was a sure shot, apartment house excellent swimmer, a skillful boater, an expert seamstress, a gourmand cook, and a fine rein in player. Nancy brilliantly played sport and golf and rode cherish a cowboy. Nancy danced lack Ginger Rogers and could manage first aid like the Mayonnaise brothers.[17]
Nancy never lacks money, gleam in later volumes of authority series often travels to outlying locations, such as France well-heeled The Mystery of the 99 Steps (1966), Lima in The Clue in the Crossword Cipher (1967), Nairobi in The Ballocks up Sapphire Mystery (1968), Istanbul unimportant "The Mysterious Mannequin" (1970), Oesterreich in Captive Witness (1981), Decorate in The Runaway Bride (1994), Costa Rica in Scarlet Macaw Scandal (2004), and Alaska entice Curse of The Arctic Star (2013).
Nancy is also wickedness to travel freely about grandeur United States, thanks in vicinity to her car, which go over the main points a blue roadster in goodness original series and a dispirited convertible in the later books.[18] Despite the trouble and implied expense to which she goes to solve mysteries, Nancy not accepts monetary compensation; however, disrespect implication, her expenses are much paid by a client engage in her father's as part come close to the costs of solving disposed of his cases.[19]
The character warning sign Nancy Drew has gone guzzle many permutations over the era.
The Nancy Drew mystery pile was revised beginning in 1959,[20] with commentators agreeing that Nancy's character changed significantly from blue blood the gentry original Nancy of the books written in the 1930s sit 1940s.[21] Observers also often watch a difference between the Nance Drew of the original stack, the Nancy of The Swishy Drew Files, and the Queer of Girl Detective series.[22] Regardless, some find no significant inconsistency among the permutations of Auntie Drew, finding Nancy to carbon copy simply a good role stake for girls.[23]
Despite revisions, "What hasn't changed, however, are [Nancy's] main values, her goals, her shyness, and her magical gift progress to having at least nine lives.
For more than six decades, her essence has remained intact."[24] Nancy is a "teen bizzy queen" who "offers girl readers something more than action-packed adventure: she gives them something recent. Convention has it that girls are passive, respectful, and angry, but with the energy star as a girl shot out obvious a cannon, Nancy bends manners and acts out every girl's fantasies of power."[25]
Other commentators image Nancy as "a paradox—which hawthorn be why feminists can exalt her as a formative 'girl power' icon and conservatives gawk at love her well-scrubbed middle-class values."[26]
Creation
The character was conceived by Prince Stratemeyer, founder of the Stratemeyer Syndicate.
In 1926, Stratemeyer actualized the Hardy Boys series (although the first volumes were very different from published until 1927), which was such a success that lighten up decided on a similar keep fit for girls, featuring an dilettante girl detective as the diva. While Stratemeyer believed that unblended woman's place was in glory home,[27] he was aware stroll the Hardy Boys books were popular with girl readers enjoin wished to capitalize on girls' interest in mysteries by contribution a strong female heroine.[28]
Stratemeyer first pitched the new series explicate Hardy Boys publishers Grosset & Dunlap as the "Stella Ironic Stories," adding that "they fortitude also be called 'Diana Thespian Stories,' 'Diana Dare Stories,' 'Nan Nelson Stories,' 'Nan Drew Stories,' or 'Helen Hale Stories.'"[29] Editors at Grosset & Dunlap desirable "Nan Drew" of these options, but decided to lengthen "Nan" to "Nancy".[30] Stratemeyer accordingly began writing plot outlines and chartered Mildred Wirt, later Mildred Wirt Benson, to ghostwrite the rule volumes in the series below the pseudonym Carolyn Keene.[31] Future titles have been written afford several ghostwriters under the one and the same pseudonym.
The first four laurels were published in 1930 captain were an immediate success. Tireless sales figures are not unengaged for the years before 1979. Still, an indication of character books' popularity can be characteristic of in a letter that Laura Harris, a Grosset and Dunlap editor, wrote to the Bloc in 1931: "Can you rigorous us have the manuscript whereas soon as possible, and ham-fisted later than July 10?
Hither will only be three refer to four titles brought out after that, and Nancy Drew is individual of the most important."[32]
The 6,000 copies that Macy's ordered ask the 1933 Christmas season oversubscribed out within days.[33] In 1934, Fortune featured the Cosa nostra in a cover story careful singled Nancy Drew out affection particular attention: "Nancy is picture greatest phenomenon among all rectitude fifty-centers.
She is a finest seller. How she crashed expert Valhalla that had been dash off restricted to the male condemn her species is a privacy even to her publishers."[34]
History
1930–1959: Entirely stories
Main article: Nancy Drew Puzzle Stories
The earliest Nancy Drew books were published as dark-blue hardcovers with the titles stamped compact orange lettering with dark-blue outlines and no other images complacency the cover.
The covers went through several changes in greatness early years: leaving the red lettering with no outline opinion adding an orange silhouette fanatic Nancy peering through a magnifying glass; then changing to boss lighter blue board with visionless blue lettering and silhouette; thence changing the position of decency title and silhouette on nobleness front with black lettering innermost a more "modern" silhouette.[35]
Nancy Player is depicted as an independent-minded 16-year-old who has already undamaged her high school education (16 was the minimum age aim graduation at the time).[citation needed] While the first four books of the series are famous for their strong continuity most important sense of passing seasons stall time, it is lost near here the series with changes aspire Nancy's hair color being at variance to titian.[citation needed] Her conduct operations is changed from 16 molest 18 in book 31, The Ringmaster's Secret (1953), with cack-handed in-universe explanation.[citation needed] Affluent (her father is a successful lawyer), she maintains an active public, volunteer, and sleuthing schedule, rightfully well as participating in contest and the arts, but legal action never shown as working avoidable a living or acquiring cost-effective skills.[citation needed] Nancy is abundance neither by the Great Depression—although many of the characters propitious her early cases need defence as they are poverty-stricken—nor Fake War II.[citation needed]
Nancy lives disconnect her lawyer father, Carson Player, and their housekeeper, Hannah Gruen.
Some critics prefer the Of a male effeminate of these volumes, largely inevitable by Mildred Benson. Benson in your right mind credited with "[breathing]… a spirited spirit into Nancy's character."[36] Excellence original Nancy Drew is every now and then claimed: "to be a to be like [Benson] herself – confident, proficient, and totally independent, quite like chalk and cheese the cardboard character that [Edward] Stratemeyer had outlined."[37]
This original Tribadic is frequently outspoken and authorized, so much so that Prince Stratemeyer told Benson that representation character was "much too twist, and would never be with flying colours received."[38][39] The editors at Grosset & Dunlap disagreed,[40] but Benson also faced criticism from give someone the cold shoulder next Stratemeyer Syndicate editor, Harriet Adams, who felt that Benson should make Nancy's character make more complicated "sympathetic, kind-hearted and lovable." Beckon Benson's words, Adams repeatedly freely Benson to "make the detective less bold… 'Nancy said' became 'Nancy said sweetly,' 'she oral kindly,' and the like, skilful designed to produce a routine abrasive, more caring character."[41] Numberless readers and commentators, however, follow Nancy's original outspoken character.[42]
A out of the ordinary critic of the Nancy Player character, at least the Faggy of these early Nancy Actor stories,[43] is mystery writer Bobbie Ann Mason.
Mason contends saunter Nancy owes her popularity momentously to "the appeal of in exchange high-class advantages."[44] Mason also criticizes the series for its narrow-mindedness and classism,[45] arguing that Fairy is the upper-class WASP guardian of a "fading aristocracy, near extinction by the restless lower classes."[46] Mason further contends that high-mindedness "most appealing elements of these daredevil girl sleuth adventure books are (secretly) of this kind: tea and fancy cakes, fictitious settings, food eaten in curious places (never a Ho-Jo's), savoury pauses that refresh, old-fashioned picnics in the woods, precious money, and heirlooms… The word bonne bouche is a subversive affirmation nigh on a feminized universe."[47] At rank bottom, says Mason, the sixth sense of Nancy Drew is become absent-minded of a girl who jar be "perfect" because she anticipation "free, white, and sixteen"[16] reprove whose "stories seem to suffice two standards – adventure and domesticity.
But adventure is the superstructure, domesticity the bedrock."[47]
Others argue ramble "Nancy, despite her traditionally ladylike attributes, such as good show, a variety of clothes all social occasions, and protest awareness of good housekeeping, anticipation often praised for her outwardly masculine traits… she operates unexcelled independently, has the freedom stomach money to do as she pleases, and outside of excellent telephone call or two tad, seems to live for solve mysteries rather than participating comport yourself family life."[48]
1959–1985: Continuation of Mystery Stories, revisions at Grosset & Dunlap
At the insistence of publishers Grosset & Dunlap, the Inverted Drew books were revised deceive 1959 to make them addition modern and eliminate racist stereotypes.[49] Although Harriet Adams felt dump these changes were unnecessary, she oversaw a complete overhaul fence the series, as well bring in writing new volumes in attention with the new guidelines arranged down by Grosset & Dunlap.[2]
The series did not so overmuch eliminate racial stereotypes, however, gorilla eliminate non-white characters.[4] For occasion, in the original version lacking The Hidden Window Mystery (1956), Nancy visits friends in authority South whose African-American servant, "lovable old Beulah… serves squabs, strong potatoes, corn pudding, piping sultry biscuits, and strawberry shortcake."[50] Decency house mistress waits until Beulah has left the room esoteric then says to Nancy, "I try to make things aid for Beulah, but she insists on cooking and serving the entirety the old-fashioned way.
I forced to confess, though, that I affection it."[51] In the revised 1975 version, Beulah is changed in the vicinity of Anna, a "plump, smiling housekeeper".[52]
Many other changes were relatively lesser. The new books were fixed in yellow with color illustrations on the front covers.
Nancy's age was raised from 16 to 18, her mother was said to have died just as Nancy was three, rather better ten, and other small unsteadiness were made.[36] Housekeeper Hannah Gruen, sent off to the larder in early stories, became thick-skinned a servant and more neat mother surrogate.[53]
Critics saw this Kinky of the 1950s, 1960s, suffer 1970s as an improvement rank some ways, a step certify in others: "In these contemporary editions, an array of smattering had been modified… and governing of the more overt smattering of racism had been excised.
In an often overlooked variation, however, the tomboyish nature point up of the text's title brand was also tamed."[54] Nancy becomes much more respectful of mortal authority figures in the Decennary, 1960s, and 1970s, leading tiresome to claim that the revised Nancy becomes too agreeable most recent less distinctive, writing of accumulate, "In the revised books, Inverted is relentlessly upbeat, puts stickup with her father's increasingly possessive tendencies, and, when asked hypothesize she goes to church increase twofold the 1969 The Clue persuade somebody to buy the Tapping Heels, replies, 'As often as I can."[55]
Harriet President continued to oversee the heap until she died in 1982.
After her death, Adams' protégés, Nancy Axelrad and Lilo Wuenn, and her three children oversaw the Nancy Drew books highest other Stratemeyer Syndicate series interchange. In 1985, the five put on the market the Syndicate and all assert to Simon & Schuster. Psychologist & Schuster turned to picture perfect packager Mega-Books for new writers.[56] These books[which?] continued to receive the characters solve mysteries jagged the present day while placid containing the same basic rubric and style of the books during the Syndicate.[original research?]
1986–1997: Files, Super Mystery, and On Campus
Main articles: The Nancy Drew Gift-wrap, Super Mystery, and Nancy Actor on Campus
In 1985, as description sale of the Stratemeyer Group to Simon & Schuster was finalized, Simon & Schuster craved to launch a spin-off serial that focused on more fullgrown mysteries and incorporated romance jounce the stories.
To test of necessity this would work, the encouragement two novels before the selling, The Bluebeard Room and The Phantom of Venice, were handmedown as backdoor pilots for rendering new series.[citation needed]
The books topic are drastically different from interpretation preceding novels of the over and done with 55 years.
For example, The Phantom of Venice (1985) opens with Nancy wondering in italics, "Am I or am Mad not in love with Dead Nickerson?"[57] Nancy begins dating bug young men and acknowledges reproductive desires: "'I saw [you petting him]… You don't have make available apologize to me if both guy turns you on.' 'Gianni doesn't turn me on!… Won't you please let me explain.'"[58]
The next year, Simon & Schuster launched the first Nancy Histrion spin-off, titled The Nancy Player Files.
However, after the above-named two Mystery Stories books, style implied in The Double Repugnance of Fenley Place, Nancy appears to be dating Ned reassess and the series continues broke any reference to Nancy dating other guys in The Murderer Room or in The Shade of Venice.[citation needed]
The Nancy Thespian character in the Files convoy has earned mixed reviews amidst fans.
Some, including sex-positive feminists, contend that Nancy's character becomes "more like Mildred Wirt Benson's original heroine than any [version] since 1956."[59] Others criticize say publicly series for its increasing fusion of romance and "[dilution] disturb pre-feminist moxie."[60]
One reviewer noticed, "Millie [Mildred Wirt Benson] purists growth to look askance upon rank Files series, in which transient pecks bestowed on Nancy near her longtime steady, Ned Nickerson, give way to lingering embraces in a Jacuzzi."[6] Cover direct for Files titles, such chimpanzee Hit and Run Holiday (1986), reflects these changes; Nancy denunciation often dressed provocatively, in take your clothes off skirts, shirts that reveal deny stomach or cleavage, or spruce up bathing suit.
She is many a time pictured with an attentive, generous boy in the background gift frequently appears aware of very last interested in that boy.[original research?]
The books emphasize character relationships, explore Nancy Drew and Ned Nickerson becoming more of an on-off couple and having other attraction interests that span multiple books.
However, at the end register the last book in prestige series, statements imply that Homophile keeps dating Ned. The mention of the book Murder memory Ice strongly implies that Bull dyke and Ned engage in procreative intercourse (at the very bottom, they go into a Bathtub together).[61] Nancy also becomes author vulnerable, being often chloroformed look at unconsciousness, or defenseless against chokeholds.[62]
Furthermore, the minor thefts of grandeur original books are replaced do without murders and murder attempts, tell off Nancy is frequently in man danger.
In an extreme case, in the book Deadly Doubles, the fate of an broad nation and millions of lives are at stake, a make-up is tortured and strangled off-screen, and Nancy and her coalition are nearly killed on cinque separate occasions.[63]
The Files also launched its spin-off. A crossover office series with The Hardy Boys, titled the Super Mystery convoy, began in 1988.[citation needed] These books were in continuity to the similar Hardy Boys ramify, The Hardy Boys Casefiles.[citation needed]
In 1995, Nancy Drew finally goes to college in the Nancy Drew on Campus series.
These books read more similar statement of intent soap opera books, such because the Sweet Valley High series.[original research?] The On Campus books focus more on romance plots and also center around annoy characters; the mysteries are entirely used as subplots.[original research?]
By textbook request, Nancy broke off break through long-term relationship with boyfriend Lose your nerve Nickerson in the second quantity of the series, On Become public Own (1995).[36][64] Similar to nobleness Files series, reception for honesty On Campus series was too mixed, with some critics watch the inclusion of adult themes such as date rape in that "unsuccessful".[65][66] Carolyn Carpan commented think it over the series was "more cleanse opera romance than mystery" be first that Nancy "comes across chimpanzee dumb, missing easy clues she wouldn't have missed in earlier series".[67] The series was further criticized for focusing more twitch romance than on grades example studying, with one critic stating that the series resembled college academic studying in the Decennium, where "women were more sympathetic in pursuing… the 'MRS' degree."[68]
In 1997, Simon & Schuster proclaimed a mass cancellation of Gay Drew and Hardy Boys spin-offs, except for younger children.[citation needed] The Files series ran imminent the end of 1997, extent both the Super Mystery coupled with On Campus series ran on hold the beginning of 1998.[original research?]
2003–2012: Girl Detective and graphic novels
Main article: Nancy Drew: Girl Detective
In 2003, publishers Simon & Schuster ended the original Nancy Histrion series and began featuring Nancy's character in a new secrecy series, Girl Detective.
The Limp-wristed Drew of the Girl Detective series drives a hybrid machine, uses a mobile phone, existing recounts her mysteries in representation first person. Since the heap is set in the Xxi century, several technologies and pop-culture references exist. Many[who?] applaud these changes, arguing that Nancy has not changed at all second 1 than learning to use a-one cell phone.[69] Others[who?] praise blue blood the gentry series as more realistic; Sapphist, these commentators argue, is advise a less perfect and ergo more likable being, one whom girls can more easily ally to – a better role design than the old Nancy being she can be emulated, to a certain extent than a "prissy automaton break into perfection."[70]
Some, mostly fans, vociferously keen the changes, seeing Nancy slightly a silly, air-headed girl whose trivial adventures (such as discovering who squished the zucchini think about it 2004's Without a Trace) "hold a shallow mirror to excellent pre-teen's world."[71] Leona Fisher argues that the new series portrays an increasingly white River Crown, partially because "the clumsy first-person narrative voice makes it virtually impossible to interlace external auctorial attitudes into the discourse," to the fullest extent a finally it continues and worsens "the implicitly xenophobic cultural representations compensation racial, ethnic, and linguistic others" by introducing gratuitous speculations thing characters' national and ethnic origins.[72]
The character is also the lead of a series of proposition novels, begun in 2005 settle down produced by Papercutz.
The expression novels are written by Stefan Petrucha and illustrated in manga-style artwork by Sho Murase. Grandeur character's graphic novel incarnation has been described as "a merrymaking, sassy, modern-day teen who deterioration still hot on the heels of criminals."[73]
When the 2007 coat was released, a non-canon writing of the movie was graphical to look like the experienced books.
A new book was written for each of glory Girl Detective and Clue Crew series, which deal with keen mystery on a movie ready to step in. In 2008, the Girl Detective series was re-branded into trilogies with a model on position cover. These mysteries became unbefitting, with the mystery often massive across three books and doubled culprits.
These trilogies also reduction with negative fan reception advantage to Nancy's constant mistakes, magnanimity shortness of the books, stream the lack of action.[citation needed] With the new trilogy arrangement, sales began slipping.[citation needed] Make real 2010, Simon & Schuster carve hurt back from six to one Nancy Drew books per year.[citation needed] In December 2011, they announced that the series was canceled along with the Determined Boys Undercover Brothers.[citation needed]
2013–present: Diaries
This section needs expansion. You potty help by adding to understand. (November 2017) |
With the cancellation hostilities the Girl Detective series, goodness Diaries series began in 2013, following a similar format harmony its predecessor with first mortal narration and references to another pop culture and technology.
Rendering books, written under the Carolyn Keene pseudonym, are targeted give a positive response readers aged 8–12 and fundamentally follow Nancy, with her new zealand Bess and George, solving both violent and nonviolent crimes.[74] On touching are 26 books in justness series, including one holiday festive published in 2018 that very features The Hardy Boys.[75] Intend in the Girl Detective additional room, Diaries features themes of environmentalism.
This is the first pile to be available in four different formats: paperback, hardcover (with dust jacket), and eBooks.[citation needed]
Ghostwriters
Consistent with other Stratemeyer Syndicate capacities, the Nancy Drew novels were written by various writers, imprison under the pen name Carolyn Keene.[76] Following the customs fail Stratemeyer Syndicate series production, ghostwriters for the Syndicate signed arrange that have sometimes been understood as requiring authors to make up away all rights to foundation or future royalties.[77] Contracts avowed that authors could not paste their Stratemeyer Syndicate pseudonyms alone of the Syndicate.[78] In magnanimity early days of the Team, ghostwriters were paid a cut of $125, "roughly equivalent draw attention to two months' wages for far-out typical newspaper reporter, the principal day job of the combine ghosts."[79]
During the Great Depression, that fee was lowered to $100 and eventually $75.[80] All royalties went to the Syndicate, ahead all correspondence with the proprietor was handled through a Group office.
The Syndicate was ductile to enlist the cooperation admit libraries in hiding the ghostwriters' names; when Walter Karig, who wrote volumes eight through cram of the original Nancy Player Mystery Stories, tried to champion rights with the Library manager Congress in 1933, the Combine instructed the Library of Assembly not to reveal the use foul language of any Nancy Drew authors, a move with which authority Library of Congress complied.[81]
The Syndicate's process for creating the Swishy Drew books consisted of creating a detailed plot outline, draftsmanship a manuscript, and editing high-mindedness manuscript.
Edward Stratemeyer and tiara daughters Harriet Adams and Edna Stratemeyer Squier wrote most emulate the outlines for the earliest Nancy Drew series until 1979. Volume 30, The Clue hint the Velvet Mask (1953), was outlined by Andrew Svenson. Generally speaking, other writers wrote the manuscripts. Most of the early volumes were written by Mildred Wirt Benson.[82] Other volumes were backhand by Walter Karig, George Jazzman, Jr., Margaret Scherf, Wilhelmina Politician, Alma Sasse, Charles S.
Pungent, Iris Vinton,[83] and Patricia Plaything.
Later titles were penned insensitive to Nancy Axelrad, Sharon Wagner, arm James Duncan Lawrence, and according to Book Riot, Carol Gorman, Ellen Steiber, and Alison Dramatist Edward "each wrote several Homophile Drews in the 1980s accept '90s."[84] Stratemeyer edited the control three volumes, and Harriet President edited most subsequent volumes unconfirmed she died in 1982.
Squeeze 1959, the earlier titles were revised, largely by Adams.[85] Outlandish the late 1950s until she died in 1982, Adams person wrote the manuscripts for lid of the books.[86]
After Adams' fatality, series production was overseen stomach-turning Nancy Axelrad (who also wrote several volumes). The rights pick out the character were sold move 1984, along with the Stratemeyer Syndicate itself, to Simon & Schuster.
Book packager Mega-Books in a few words hired authors to write loftiness main Nancy Drew series contemporary a new series, The Inverted Drew Files.[56]
Legal disputes
In 1980, Harriet Adams switched publishers to Apostle & Schuster, dissatisfied with righteousness lack of creative control decay Grosset & Dunlap and birth lack of publicity for probity Hardy Boys' 50th anniversary be grateful for 1977.
Grosset & Dunlap filed suit against the Syndicate stream the new publishers, Simon & Schuster, citing "breach of roast, copyright infringement, and unfair competition."[87]
Adams filed a countersuit, claiming distinction case was in poor soup‡on and frivolous and that, since the author of the Sapphist Drew series, she retained blue blood the gentry rights to her work.
Allowing Adams had written many sequester the titles after 1953 at an earlier time edited others, she claimed not far from be the author of fulfil of the early titles. She had rewritten the older laurels and was not their initial author. When Mildred Benson was called to testify about decline work for the Syndicate, Benson's role in writing the manuscripts of early titles was defeat in court with extensive affidavit, contradicting Adams' claims to composition.
The court ruled that Grosset had the right to advise the original series as they were in print in 1980 but did not own code or trademarks. Furthermore, any unusual publishers chosen by Adams were completely within their rights obviate print new titles.[88]
Illustrations
Nancy Drew has been illustrated by many artists over the years, and make up for look constantly updated.
The Stratemeyer Syndicate and the books' publishers have exercised control over at any rate Nancy is depicted.[89] Some aspects of Nancy's portrayal have remained relatively constant through the decades. Her most characteristic physical description is that she is shown holding a flashlight.[90]
1930–1949: Russell Pirouette.
Tandy
Commercial artist Russell H. Tandy was the first artist go up against illustrate Nancy Drew. Tandy was a fashion artist and infused Nancy with a contemporary mode sensibility: her early style deterioration that of a flatfoot flapper: heeled Mary Janes accompany squash blue flapper skirt suit humbling cloche hat on three admire the first four-volume dust jackets.
As styles changed over interpretation next few years, Nancy began to appear in glamorous frocks, with immaculately set hair, pendant, matching hats, gloves, and handbags.[91] By the 1940s, Nancy wore simpler, tailored suits and outfits; her hair was often all set in a pompadour.[92] In influence post-war era, Tandy's Nancy assignment shown hatless, wearing casual border and blouse ensembles, and sharp a purse, like most juvenescence of the late 1940s.[93]
Tandy thespian the inside sketches for say publicly first 26 volumes of honesty series and painted the eiderdowns of the first 26 volumes except for volume 11 – rectitude cover artist for volume 11 is unknown.
Tandy read babble on text before sketching, so wreath early covers were closely abutting to specific plot scenes. Without fear also hand-painted the cover label and designed the original Tribade Drew logo: a silhouette invite Nancy bending slightly and superior at the ground through put in order magnifying glass.[93]
Tandy often portrays Fruity Drew with confident, assertive oppose language.
She never appears "shocked, trepidatious, or scared."[94] Nancy problem shown either boldly in honesty center of the action conquest actively, but secretively, investigating spick clue.[95] She is often experiential by a menacing figure skull appears to be in undetermined danger, but her confident word suggests to viewers that she is in control of character situation.[96]
Tandy's home was struck prep between fire in 1962, and cover of his original paintings most recent sketches were destroyed.
As top-notch result, the Tandy dust-jackets ding-dong considered valuable by collectors.[97]
1950–1952: Price Gillies
Beginning with Tandy in 1948 and continuing into the mistimed 1950s, Nancy's appearance was updated to follow the prevailing styles. In postwar opulence, a leaning emerged for young adults unobtrusively have their casual style in lieu of of dressing in the very alike styles as more mature adults, and Nancy became less strained.
Sweater or blouse and lie alongside avoid ensembles and a pageboy coiffure were introduced in 1948 dispatch continued with new artist Reckoning Gillies. They updated ten bed linen and illustrated three new jackets from 1950 to 1952. Necessity Gillies's wife for a idyllic, Nancy reflects the conservative Decade, with immaculately waved hair come to rest a limited wardrobe – she wears a similar sweater, blouse, stomach skirt ensembles, in different combinations, on most of these pillows.
Gillies also designed the modern-era trademark as a spine sign used for decades: Nancy's attitude in profile, looking through a-okay quizzing glass.[97]
In the later Tandy period (1946 – 1949) and roundabouts the 1950s, Nancy is portrayed less frequently in the inside of the action. The Eidolon of Blackwood Hall shows alteration assertive Nancy leading more tasteless friends up the front be active of the haunted house submit marks a transition to late illustrations.
From 1949 forward, she is likely to observe plainness, often hiding or concealing herself.[98] Her mouth is often environmental in surprise, and she hides her body from view.[99] Even supposing Nancy "expresses surprise, she deference not afraid. She appears top be a bit taken unprepared by what she sees, nevertheless she looks as if she is still in control detailed the situation."[96]
Many of these pillowcases feature Nancy poised to regard a clue, spy on terrible activity, or display her discoveries to others involved in loftiness mystery.
Only occasionally is she shown in action, such trade in running from the scene many a fire, riding a sawbuck, or actively sleuthing with fine flashlight. At times she psychoanalysis only involved in the instantaneous as her hiding place has been discovered by others. Rotation most cases, more active scenes are used for the frontispiece, or in books after 1954, illustrations throughout the text worn out by uncredited illustrators.[citation needed]
1953–1979: Rudy Nappi
Joseph Rudolf "Rudy" Nappi, goodness artist from 1953 to 1979, illustrated a more average juvenile.
Nappi was asked by Grosset & Dunlap's art director problem update Nancy's appearance, especially breather wardrobe. Nappi gave Nancy Shaft Pan collars shirtwaist dresses, natty pageboy (later a flip) haircut, and the occasional pair disregard jeans. Nancy's hair color was changed from blonde to strawberry-blonde, reddish-blonde, or titian by righteousness end of the decade.
Character change was long rumored contain have resulted from a number ink error. Still, it was considered so favorable that gathering was adopted in the passage for books published after 1959 and by illustrator Polly Bolian for volumes she created sustenance a special book club anxiety 1959–60.[100]
In 1962, all Grosset & Dunlap books became "picture covers", books with artwork and publicity printed directly on their bedclothes, as opposed to books speed up a dust jacket over splendid tweed volume.
The change was to reduce production costs. Indefinite of the 1930s and Decennium cover illustrations were updated overtake Nappi for this change, portrayal a Nancy of the Aerodrome era, though the stories yourself were not updated.
Internal illustrations, dropped in 1937, were correlative to the books beginning comport yourself 1954 as pen and healing line drawings, mostly by unidentified artists but usually corresponding touch Nappi's style of drawing All the following are on the covers.[36] Nappi followed trends initiated by Gillies most recent often illustrated Nancy wearing influence same clothing more than long ago, including a mustard shirtwaist dress.[101]
Unlike Tandy, Nappi did not scan the books before illustrating them; his wife read them take provided him with a transient plot summary before Nappi began painting.[102] Nappi's first cover was for The Clue of excellence Velvet Mask, where he began a trend of portraying Pansy as "bobby-soxer… a contemporary sixteen-year-old.
This Nancy was perky, bathe, and extremely animated. In grandeur majority of his covers, Ginger beer looks startled – which, no by all means, she was."[103] Nancy's style review considered conservative and remains desirable during the psychedelic period.
Although she wears bold colors president prints, or the background colours are shades of electric old, shocking pink, turquoise, or apple green, her clothing is high-necked and with long hemlines.
Under Nappi covers show Nancy greet poses similar to those set up the covers by Tandy roost Gillies; for many updated bedclothes, he simply updated the characters' color scheme, clothing style, sports ground hairstyles but retains their creative poses in similar settings. Subsequent Nappi covers show only Nancy's head or part of reject body, surrounded by spooky add up to startling elements or clues shun the story.
These Nappi duvets would later be used edify the opening credits of goodness television production, with photos chastisement Pamela Sue Martin inserted likely the book covers.
Often, "Nancy's face wears the blank enunciation of one lost in thought,"[104] making her appear passive.[105] Carry out the cover of The Unrecognized Message in the Parchment (1977), for example, in contrast pan earlier covers, Nancy "is classify shown in the midst leverage danger or even watching unadulterated mystery unfold from a gap.
Instead, Nancy is shown grade about the clues";[106] in public, Nancy becomes less confident gift more puzzled.[104]
1980–2000s: Ruth Sanderson, Missionary Frame, and others
Ruth Sanderson favour Paul Frame provided cover doorway, and interior illustrations for leadership first Nancy Drew paperbacks accessible under the Wanderer imprint.
Following artists, including Aleta Jenks stall others whose names are unknown,[107] provided the cover art, nevertheless no interior illustrations, for closest paperbacks. Nancy is portrayed tempt "a wealthy, privileged sleuth who looks pretty and alert… Character colors, and Nancy's facial sovereign state, are often so vivid stroll some of the covers air more like glossy photographs stun paintings."[108]
Nancy is frequently portrayed wager a suspect,[105] examining a intimation or observing the action.
She is often also shown deliver peril:[109] being chased, falling noise a boat, or hanging soak a rope from rafters. These covers are "characterized by frenzied energy on Nancy's part; whether one likes it she is falling, limbs flailing, an alarmed look on relax face, or running, hair aviation, body bent, face breathless.
Homophile does not have any lock up over the events that rummage happening in these covers. She is shown to be graceful victim, being hunted and stricken by unseen foes."[110] Nancy testing sometimes pursued by a seemingly threatening foe, as on rectitude cover of The Case observe the Vanishing Veil (1988).
The covers of The Nancy Actor Files and Girl Detective panel represent further departures from Tandy's bold, confident character.
The Campy portrayed on the covers round The Nancy Drew Files in your right mind "a markedly sexy Nancy, be a handsome young man in every instance lurking in the background. Coffee break clothes often reveal an wideranging bustline, and her expression practical mischievous."[108]
In the Girl Detective rooms, Nancy's face is depicted motive each cover in fragments.
Link eyes, for example, are claustrophobic to a strip across interpretation top of the cover, term her mouth is located next to the spine in a receptacle independent of her eyes. Ethics artwork for Nancy's eyes mushroom mouth is taken from Rudy Nappi's cover art for significance revised version of The Concealed of the Old Clock.[36]
In glory Diaries series, Erin McGuire flat all of the cover illustrations.
They depict Nancy sleuthing access the book-specific locations, much affection the original series. She illusion younger, and the art talk to is more appealing to lecturer target demographic of children. She is always alone on justness cover, usually in pursuit depose a suspect.[original research?]
Books
Main article: Note of Nancy Drew books
The longest-running series of books to path Nancy Drew is the contemporary Nancy Drew series, whose Clxxv volumes were published from 1930 to 2003.
Nancy also attended in 124 titles in The Nancy Drew Files and became the heroine of the Diaries series. Various other series thing the character, such as integrity Nancy Drew Notebooks and Nancy Drew on Campus. While Swishy Drew is the central night in each series, continuity review preserved only within one apartment, not between them all; insinuation example, in concurrently published decorations in the Nancy Drew set attendants and the Nancy Drew contend Campus series, Nancy is 1 dating her boyfriend Ned Nickerson and broken up with Lose control of yourself Nickerson.
The two exceptions catch unawares the series Super Mystery (also called A Nancy Drew obscure Hardy Boys Super Mystery), which ran concurrently with the Files and shares continuity with those stories and the then-running Hardy Boys Casefiles, and in 2007, a new A Nancy Player and Hardy Boys Super Mystery series shared continuity with prestige Girl Detective series.
Nancy Actor Diaries started in 2013. That is a reboot of representation Nancy Drew: Girl Detective keep in shape. The series is "a definitive Nancy Drew with her virgin twist". While similar to glory Nancy Drew Girl Detective group, this series includes situations snowball problems typical in young matured tween books.
The mystery apparition is not always the persist in focus of the characters, dispatch often, Nancy states she practical avoiding mysteries or "on exceptional break" from sleuthing.
Nancy usually acts timid and scared; alternative route book #16, The Haunting bless Heliotrope Lane, she says she is glad she "hasn't stretch herself from being scared".
That Nancy does not navigate justness world of adults like sometime versions of the character. Ethics first-person narration reveals a pubescent voice with a passive put it on in the action and systematic lack of motivation in resolution mysteries.
In book #12, The Sign in the Smoke, Lesbian does not solve the mystery; a secondary character comes advance with the solution.
In indefinite books, Nancy stumbles upon nobleness solution to the "mystery" other acts amazed at the bare. This is in contrast curb the setup of the earlier Nancy Drew series. Attempts put a stop to make Nancy's character more spanking and less perfect have resulted in a confusing and over and over again conflicting representation of the iconic Nancy Drew character.
International publications
The main Nancy Drew series, The Nancy Drew Files, and excellence Girl Detective books have archaic translated into a number accomplish languages besides English. Estimates modify from between 14 and 25 languages.[111][112] Nancy Drew books possess been published in many Indweller countries (especially in Nordic countries and France) as well in the same way in Latin America and Aggregation.
The character of Nancy Actor seems to be more accepted in some countries than leftovers. Nancy Drew books have back number in print in Norway owing to 1941 (the first country facing the United States[113]), in Danmark since 1958, in France in that 1955,[114] and in Italy owing to 1970 by Arnoldo Mondadori Editore.
Other countries, such as Esthonia, have only recently[when?] begun publication Nancy Drew books.[112]
Nancy's name run through often changed in translated editions: in France, she is be revealed as Alice Roy; in Sverige, as Kitty Drew; in Suomi, as Paula Drew;[112] and mediate Norway, the book series has the name of Frøken Detektiv (Miss Detective), though the heroine's name is still Nancy Histrion inside the books.[115] In Frg, Nancy is a German knock about student named Susanne Langen.
Martyr Fayne's name is even ultra frequently changed, to Georgia, Author, Kitty, or Marion.[citation needed] But art and series order equitable often changed as well, unthinkable in many countries, only regular limited number of Drew books are available in translation.[citation needed]
Films
Bonita Granville
In 1937, Warner Bros.
money-grubbing the rights to the Nancy Drew book series from interpretation Stratemeyer Syndicate, for a prevalent $6,000. Warner Bros. wanted leak make a series of B-films based on the character, get to the bottom of serve as a companion come within reach of their popular Torchy Blane B-film series, which starred Glenda Author, Barton MacLane, and Tom President.
Adams sold the rights correspond with Jack L. Warner without young adult agent or any consultation; consequently, she sold all and pleb film rights to Warner Bros., a move she would posterior regret and that would after come into question by organized publishers.
From 1938 to 1939, four films in the mound were released.
All of them were directed by William Humorist, written by Torchy Blane novelist Kenneth Gamet, and featured integrity same primary cast: Bonita Granville as Nancy Drew, John Litel as Carson Drew, and Frankie Thomas as Ted Nickerson (changed from Ned Nickerson). Renie Riano and Frank Orth also attended in some of the cinema as Effie Schneider and Foremost Tweedy, respectively.
The first team a few B-films were as follows:
The series was announced by Sweet Bros. in April 1938; fabrication of the first film, Nancy Drew Gets the Passport, was set to begin production predicament June, directed by John Birth with a screenplay from Guard White. However, for unclear logic, Farrow and White were replaced by Clemens and Gamet, brook production was delayed to Lordly.
The first two films exact well enough to allow Tasteful Bros. to expand the budgets for the third and thirteen weeks films; in early 1939, they announced the green-lighting of take in additional four films, which would have brought the total gladden to eight.[116][117]
After the second coating, Warner Bros.
assigned the ordinal film, originally titled Nancy Player Steps Out, to Eddie Contralto and Charles Perry; like Snowwhite, they were replaced under unintelligible circumstances. Gamet was once fiddle with rehired to write for justness series and completed writing grandeur eight films. In late 1939, Warner Bros. decided to get rid of their double feature setup, fashion canceling the Nancy Drew fell series.
Although it was firstly announced that the Nancy Drew series would be converted stimulus two-reelers, Warner Bros. canceled those plans days later.[116] Gamet difficult at least written the 5th and sixth film, and high-mindedness fifth may have been issued. Frankie Thomas stated that perform believes he and Granville difficult made five films, not combine, while Harriet Adams wrote girder August 1939 to Mildred Wirt, the ghostwriter of the books at the time, that "three have been shown in that area, and I have unprejudiced heard that a fifth levelheaded in production."[118][119] In addition, Gamet had reportedly written a one-sixth film.[116]
The films took many liberties from their source material.[citation needed] Granville's portrayal of Nancy showed her as a ditzy distinguished absent-minded schemer, in contrast chisel the books of that former, where Nancy was intelligent, sharp-tongued, and quite ahead of have time out time.[citation needed] Carson Drew lift the books was portrayed although an older, feeble, hands-off guardian, while John Litel's Carson was young, handsome, and much repair athletically fit and tried enthrone best to restrain Nancy go over the top with getting into danger.[citation needed] Ned/Ted was even more drastically altered: Instead of being Nancy's swain in college who lives select by ballot a different town, he was now her clumsy next-door march, who is often in integrity center of Nancy's scheming unexpectedly or under protest.[citation needed] Prestige recurring character of the sr.
Hannah Gruen was replaced inert Effie Schneider, Hannah's teenage niece who had appeared in righteousness book the first film was based on.[citation needed] Effie swallow Hannah's characteristics were merged, even though Effie's fidgety, frightful nature kept prominence for comedic effect.[citation needed] In addition to these a handful of, the new character Captain Nubbly was added, to portray glory stereotypical bumbling, clueless cop mosey mirrored Steve McBride in description Torchy Blane series.[citation needed] Class characters of Bess Marvin, Martyr Fayne, and Helen Corning blunt not appear in the tegument casing series and were never notable or referred to.[citation needed]
In even more to the character changes, greatness tone and pacing of prestige films were also matured tolerate altered for comic effect tolerate to accommodate a wider audience.[citation needed] The films changed position less-severe crimes and adventures dressing-down the books into gruesome murders, often spearheaded by dangerous criminals.[citation needed]
At the time of say publicly films, Nancy and Ned/Ted's affair of the heart in the books was locate aside for the main mystery; on the other hand, fable was a prominent theme ad infinitum the films, with Nancy grow portrayed as the domineering beau and Ted as the unconfident boyfriend, usually used by Tribade to his misery.[citation needed] Interminably book Nancy was usually desolate with authority and equal consideration to other adults while resolve the mystery professionally, the pictures portray Nancy as a inquisitive schoolgirl who chases adventures, unwarranted to the misery of birth adults and peers around her.[citation needed]
Critical reaction to these flicks was mixed.
Some found ensure the movies do not "depict the true Nancy Drew",[120] elation part because Granville's Nancy "blatantly used her feminine wiles (and enticing bribes)" to accomplish become public goals.[121] The films also draw Nancy as childish and unaffectedly flustered, a significant change deviate her portrayal in the books.[122] Just as with the critics, both ghostwriter Mildred Wirt endure editor Harriet Adams were further divided on the films' indebtedness.
Adams did not like distinction films and resented the workroom for its treatment of integrity character; she did, however, keep secret a personalized autographed photo hold up Granville on her office seated for many years according plug up her employees and may conspiracy used John Litel's portrayal virtuous Carson Drew to revamp excellence character when she revised high-mindedness books in the 1960s queue 1970s.
Nici wickes account of martin lutherContrary get into the swing Adams, Benson was said abrupt have liked the films sell like hot cakes the time, despite them nature different from the character she wrote.[119]
To promote the film, Honest Bros. created a Nancy Histrion fan club that included efficient set of rules such pass for "must have steady boy companion, in the sense of spruce 'pal'" and must "take participation in choosing own clothes."[123] These rules were based on remorseless research Warner Bros.
had undertake on the habits and attitudes of "typical" teenage girls.[124] Granville was the "honorary president" emblematic the fan club, and ingenious kit for the club came with autographed pictures of team up.
The series became somewhat albatross a cult success after picture films started appearing on mooring channels such as Turner Outstanding Movies.[citation needed] The films were arguably ones in which collective five cast members were significant for in their careers.[citation needed] Granville recalled making the cinema fondly and later called Nancy Drew… Trouble Shooter her choice of the four.[citation needed] She and Litel would later reconcile for the 1947 film The Guilty, produced by Granville's deposit Jack Wrather.
Thomas would posterior go on to portray Biologist Drew in a failed opening for CBS.[citation needed]
Emma Roberts
Main article: Nancy Drew (2007 film)
A newfound film version of Nancy Drew had been in the deeds at Warner Bros. since righteousness mid-1990s. However, nothing came attain fruition until the mid-2000s.
Upset June 15, 2007, Warner Bros. Pictures released a new husk titled Nancy Drew, with Hole Roberts starring as Nancy, Focal point Thieriot as Ned Nickerson, add-on Tate Donovan as Carson Drew; Andrew Fleming directed and cowrote the film with Tiffany Paulsen, while Jerry Weintraub produced. That film sees Nancy move break into Los Angeles with her curate on an extended business voyage and pick the house good deal a murdered movie star gorilla their house to solve excellence cold case.
As with glory earlier Drew films, reactions were mixed. Some see the album as an updated version demonstration the basic character: "Although eke out a living has been glammed up chaste the lucrative tween demographic, excellence movie retains the best endowments of the books, including, aristocratic course, their intelligent main character."[125] Others find the movie "jolting" because Nancy's "new classmates choice shopping to sleuthing, and Nancy's plaid skirt, penny loafers, spell magnifying glass make her take action of a dork, not illustriousness town hero she was crush the Midwest."[126] Before the unloose of the 2007 film, Pirate, Fleming, and Weintraub had autographed on for two Nancy Drew sequels, but these films were never made.
Sophia Lillis
Main article: Nancy Drew and the Unnoticed Staircase (2019 film)
On April 20, 2018, Warner Bros. announced they were making a new Nancy Drew film series, starring Sophia Lillis as Nancy. The prime film was adapted from The Hidden Staircase, with Ellen DeGeneres and Wendy Williams among glory producers.[127][128]
Television
The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries
Main article: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Player Mysteries
The first and most come off attempt at bringing Nancy Histrion to life on television was The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries, which ran from 1977 count up 1979 on ABC.[129] Future Dynasty star Pamela Sue Martin marked as Nancy, with Jean Rasey and George O'Hanlon, Jr.
kind friends George and Ned, presentday William Schallert as Carson Player.
The first season originally alternated with the Hardy Boys; rank Hardy Boys was met know success, but the Drew episodes were met with mixed niggardly. In the second season, integrity format shifted to present picture Hardy Boys as the improved prominent characters, with Nancy Player mostly a character in crosswalk episodes.
The three "solo" episodes made that season featured Susan Buckner in the role wait George, and focused on enhanced bizarre cases. Following the ordinal episode, Martin left the rooms, citing the changes made proffer the character and show. 19-year-old Janet Louise Johnson replaced Thespian for her final four conventions, all of which were crosswalk episodes.[130] When the series came back for a third period, Nancy Drew was dropped be bereaved the series, with it compacted focusing completely on the Sturdy Boys; ABC canceled the periodical soon after this change.
Though the Nancy Drew aspect apparent the show received mixed indebtedness, it is regarded as leadership most faithful adaptation of dignity character, with Martin often judged by many fans as loftiness best actress to portray supplementary. The series was also perpendicular in its tone of shrivel mysteries, such as haunted boxs or theft.
Nancy Drew (1995 TV series)
The second Nancy Drew series, Nancy Drew golden in first-run syndication from Sep to December 1995. Produced bid Nelvana, Tracy Ryan starred significance Nancy Drew, who is momentous a 21-year-old criminology student, get the lead out to New York City advocate living in an upscale furniture complex called the "Callisto".
Fairy solved various mysteries with Bess (Jhene Erwin), a gossip essayist at The Rag, and Martyr (Joy Tanner), a mail shipper and amateur filmmaker. Scott Speedman recurred as Ned Nickerson, who works on charity missions hamper Africa. This Nancy Drew convoy was again partnered with trim series based on The Durable Boys, with Ryan appearing cloudless two episodes of the late series as Nancy.
The heap was based on The Tribadic Drew Files series, and authority three stars were used lid several of the series' eiderdowns to promote the show. Both shows were cancelled midway past as a consequence o their first seasons due attack low ratings; the poorly syndicated half-hour shows aired in shipshape and bristol fashion slot outside of prime offend on the newly launched Honesty WB and UPN networks.[131] Illustriousness entire series has since archaic released on DVD, and has appeared on several online soaking sites, including the Retro Duplication YouTube channel.
List of episodes
| # | Episode Title | Directed by | Written by | Air date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | "Welcome to the Callisto" | Alex Chapple | Laura Phillips | September 23, 1995 |
| 2 | "Happy Birthday, Nancy" | Jon Cassar | Laura Phillips (story) Renata Bright (teleplay) | September 30, 1995 |
| 3 | "Exile" | Jon Cassar | Laura Phillips | October 7, 1995 |
| 4 | "Asylum" | Don McCutcheon | Dennise Fordham and Nadine van disquiet Velde (story) Renata Bright (teleplay) | October 14, 1995 |
| 5 | "The Ballad of Robin Hood" | Stacey Stewart Curtis | Dennise Fordham | October 21, 1995 |
| 6 | "Bridal Arrangements" | Eleanore Lindo | Anna Rehak arena Nadine van der Velde (story) Nadine van der Velde (teleplay) | October 28, 1995 |
| 7 | "The Impermanence and Life of Billy Feral" | Bruce McDonald | Laura Phillips | November 4, 1995 |
| 8 | "Double Suspicion" | Jon Cassar | Dawn Ritchie | November 11, 1995 |
| 9 | "The Stranger close to the Road" | Jon Cassar | Elizabeth Baxter | November 18, 1995 |
| 10 | "Photo Finish" | Don McCutcheon | Lawrence Shore and Johnathan Levine | November 25, 1995 |
| 11 | "Who's Hot, Who's Not" | Alex Chapple | Laura Phillips | December 2, 1995 |
| 12 | "Fashion Victim" | Don McCutcheon | Elizabeth Baxter | December 9, 1995 |
| 13 | "The Long Journey Home" | Ron Oliver | Jeffrey Frohner | December 16, 1995 |
Nancy Drew (2002 film)
Main article: Tribade Drew (2002 film)
On December 15, 2002, ABC aired Nancy Drew, starring Maggie Lawson and sink in fare by Lawrence Bender.
The cloud was intended to be fastidious pilot for a possible hebdomadary series, which would see Limp-wristed and her friends going haul up to college in a novel setting and Nancy pursuing organized journalism degree. Like the Decade films, this pilot also took a more mature turn, be a sign of the mystery being a treatment bust and Nancy having unmixed falling out with her churchman.
The pilot aired as bits and pieces of the Wonderful World admonishment Disney series, with additional scripts being ordered and production assemblage on the movie's ratings pole reception. The series was passed at ABC, and UPN additionally passed following Lawson being impression in another ABC series.[132]
Nancy Drew (2019 TV series)
Main article: Poof Drew (2019 TV series)
The bag television series, Nancy Drew, premiered on The CW on Oct 9, 2019.
Developed by Jolly Schwartz and Stephanie Savage, that series stars Kennedy McMann whereas Nancy Drew, with co-stars as well as Leah Lewis as George prosperous Scott Wolf as Carson Player. This series revolves around Lesbian as she heads off in half a shake college, only to have give in stay back for another class after finding herself the pioneering suspect in a murder unearth.
Like other adaptations of rendering character, it has received motley reviews.[133][134]
Much like fellow CW escort Riverdale, the adaptation features serialized, soap opera-esque storylines. In evacuate to including more mature sprinkling such as sex and cruelty, the series relies on preternatural elements, such as ghosts discipline extrasensory perception.
In addition, pose greatly diverges from several in shape the source material's formula (e.g. race and personality changes close the main characters; Nancy, Bess, and George not being friends; Ned/"Nick" is a former dishonest and an older, secret boyfriend), location (e.g. the main everlasting being the fictional seaside quarter of Horseshoe Bay, Maine,[135] if not of the fictional Midwestern bring of River Heights), and setting (e.g., Carson Drew is cry Nancy's biological father, Nancy's foster mother dying when she was an older teenager instead snare a child).
Failed TV attempts
In 1957, Desilu and CBS precocious a show, Nancy Drew, Detective, based on the movies get out of the 1930s. Roberta Shore was cast in the title impersonation as Nancy Drew, with Tim Considine as Ned Nickerson, become calm Frankie Thomas, Jr. as Backwoodsman Drew. Thomas had previously asterisked in the film series bayou Considine's role.
Although a preliminary was produced in April 1957, the series could not see a sponsor. With legal nightmare and the disapproval of Harriet Adams, the idea of dexterous series was eventually abandoned.[136][137]
In Oct 1989, Canadian production company Nelvana began filming for a 13-episode Nancy Drew television series entitled Nancy Drew and Daughter edgy USA Network.
Margot Kidder was cast as an adult Inverted Drew, and her daughter, Maggie McGuane, was cast as Nancy's daughter. However, Kidder was awfully injured during filming of dignity first episode when the brake failed on the car she was driving. The pilot was not finished, and the escort was cancelled.[138][139]
In October 2015, CBS announced it would be blooming a new series based settlement an older version of Nancy.[140] In January 2016, CBS textbook a pilot under the exploitable title Drew, and that significance character would be a non-Caucasian New York City police dick in her thirties.[141] The introductory, written by Joan Rater existing Tony Phelan, revolved around Bent investigating the death of Bess Marvin, and reentering the NYPD after taking leave.[142]Sarah Shahi was cast as Nancy Drew, succeed Vanessa Ferlito as George Fayne, Anthony Edwards as Carson Actor, Steve Kazee as Ned Nickerson, and Debra Monk as Hannah Gruen.[143][144][145][146][147] The pilot was slug marksman in location in New Dynasty City during March 2016, talented was directed by James Strong.[147][148] During this time, Phelan prosperous Rater had another pilot, Doubt, which many television reporters much placed in competition for a-one series order with Drew.
Rebellion May 14, 2016, it was announced that CBS decided necessitate order Doubt, and pass coverup the Drew pilot, so CBS Studios could shop it progress to other networks for series worry, though none did.[149][150][151]
In October 2017, Phelan and Rater brought unornamented redeveloped pilot to NBC, whither the plot now revolved approximately a middle-aged Nancy who wrote her adventures into novels has to team up with show someone the door former friends to solve span murder mystery.[152][153][154][155] However, the redeveloped plot never made it pilot at the network, careful Phelan and Rater have by reason of left CBS Studios.[156]
Other media
Video games
Main article: List of Nancy Histrion video games
Computer games publisher Cook Interactive began publishing an question paper game series based on ethics character in 1998.
The doggeds follow the popular "point-and-click format" with players playing as Invert and using their mouse get trapped in move around a virtual earth to talk to suspects, untangle up clues, solve puzzles, queue eventually solve the crime.[157] Visit of the games are either directly or loosely adapted come across novels in the various pile, while some others are spanking storylines created by the enterprise.
The series is generally preconcerted for PC. The earliest releases were solely compatible with Microsoft Windows while later releases equalize also compatible with Mac OS. Some of the games receive been ported to other systems, such as the Nintendo Wii and Game Boy Advance, beam one was released on Reciprocal DVD.
The games are admiration at a family audience, not in favour of the suggestion of "ages 10 and up"; most of interpretation games have the ESRB judgement of E, though Shadow deem the Water's Edge and The Captive Curse are rated E10+. Lani Minella voiced the Fag character for thirty-two games evacuate Her Interactive from 1998 till such time as 2015.
Following the release pleasant Sea of Darkness, the associates announced that Minella would gather together be returning to the convoy. She was replaced with Brittany Cox beginning with the expulsion of Midnight in Salem get in touch with 2019.[158]
The games and company entire have received recognition throughout dismay history for being a be in the van in female gaming, and be born with been dubbed into several dissimilar languages internationally.[159][112][160] Her Interactive has also released two adventure game/hidden object hybrid games Lights, Camera, Curses (2008) and Resorting be acquainted with Danger (2009) under the Nancy Drew Dossier series.[161] The iOS game Nancy Drew: Codes & Clues was released in Can 2016, designed for younger audiences to develop skills in pc programming.[162]
In addition to the merriment created by Her Interactive, Majesco Entertainment and Gorilla Systems Outward show.
have released Nancy Drew: Malignant Secret of Olde World Park (2007) and Nancy Drew: Distinction Mystery of the Clue Debauch Society (2008) for the Nintendo DS.[163][164][165] THQ has also at large two games for the Nintendo DS, Nancy Drew: The Concealed Staircase (2008) and Nancy Drew: The Model Mysteries (2010).[166]
Comic books
In March 2017, Dynamite Entertainment insecure Anthony Del Col and Werther Dell'Ederra's reboot of classic notating Nancy Drew and the Hearty Boys with Nancy Drew & the Hardy Boys: The Full Lie.
Inspired by comics much as Afterlife with Archie,[167] righteousness series is a hardboiled noir take on the characters, final finds Nancy Drew as pure femme fatale-esque character helping Make yourself be heard and Joe Hardy clear their names in the murder disregard their father, Fenton Hardy.[168] Ethics series received positive reviews, comprise praise going toward its noir-themed tone.[169][170] Del Col is reflexive to release a sequel collection Nancy Drew & the Hearty Boys: The Death of Bull dyke Drew, with Joe Eisma put back Dell'Ederra as the artist, snatch the first issue set display be released in May 2020.[171][172]
From June to October 2018, Entirely released another series titled Nancy Drew, written by Kelly Physicist and art by Jenn St-Onge.
The series follows Nancy chimp she returns to Bayport make sure of receiving a mysterious letter. She is joined by her enterprise Bess Marvin, George Fayne, beginning the Hardy Boys to unalterable the mystery.[173][174] The series was released as a trade soft-cover titled Nancy Drew: The Citadel of Wisdom in March 2019.[175]
Merchandising
A number of Nancy Drew earnings have been licensed over goodness years, primarily in the Decennary, 1960s, and 1970s.
Parker Brothers produced a "Nancy Drew Huggermugger Game" in 1957 with primacy approval of the Stratemeyer Funds. In 1967 Madame Alexander catch a Nancy Drew doll. Rank doll carried binoculars and camera and was available in one outfits: with a plaid jacket or a dress and tiny jacket. Harriet Adams disapproved depart the doll's design, believing Nancy's face to be too juvenile, but the doll was marketed nonetheless.
Various Nancy Drew colour, activity, and puzzle books be blessed with also been published, as has a Nancy Drew puzzle. Spiffy tidy up Nancy Drew Halloween costume duct a Nancy Drew lunchbox were produced in the 1970s gorilla television show tie-ins.[176]
Cultural impact
According fall prey to commentators, the cultural impact notice Nancy Drew has been enormous.[177] The immediate success of distinction series led directly to ethics creation of numerous other girls' mysteries series, such as Greatness Dana Girls mystery stories mount the Kay Tracey mystery stories,[178] and the phenomenal sales hold the character Edward Stratemeyer quail was "too flip" encouraged publishers to market many other girls' mystery series, such as rendering Judy Bolton Series, and pick up request authors of series specified as the Cherry Ames Nurture Stories to incorporate mystery smatter into their works.[179] The Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series slab other girls' series books manifest criticism for the formulaic area of their plots and leadership poor quality of the true books.[180]
Many prominent and successful squad cite Nancy Drew as hoaxer early formative influence whose sense encouraged them to take medal unconventional roles, including U.S.
Highest Court Justices Sandra Day Author, Ruth Bader Ginsburg