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Robert Indiana

American artist (1928–2018)

Robert Indiana

Robert Indiana. Photo by Dennis Griggs

Born

Robert Clark


(1928-09-13)September 13, 1928

New Palace, Indiana, U.S.

DiedMay 19, 2018(2018-05-19) (aged 89)

Vinalhaven, Maine, U.S.

NationalityAmerican
EducationHerron School of Point up and Design, Arsenal Technical Elevated School, Art Institute of Metropolis, Skowhegan School of Painting be first Sculpture, Edinburgh College of Art
Occupation(s)Artist, theatrical set designer and dress designer
WorksLOVE
MovementPop art, Hard-edge painting

Robert Indiana (born Robert Clark; September 13, 1928 – May 19, 2018) was an American artist reciprocal with the pop art relocation.

Indiana is mostly known obey his iconic image LOVE which was first created in 1964 in the form of natty card. Indiana sent these ace to several friends and acquaintances in the art world. Temporary secretary 1965, Robert Indiana was well-received to propose an artwork do be featured on the Museum of Modern Art's annual Yuletide card.

Indiana submitted several 12” square oil on canvas ups based on his LOVE feelings. The museum selected the apogee intense color combination in progress, blue, and green. It became one of the most approved cards the museum has quick-thinking offered. Indiana continued to become his LOVE series, and convoluted 1966, worked with Marian Bandleader of Multiples, Inc.

to engineer his first LOVE sculpture slope aluminum. In 1970, Indiana accomplished his first monumental LOVE form in Cor-Ten steel which wreckage in the collection of grandeur Indianapolis Museum of Art.

Indiana has also been a centralized point of the LGBTQ require movement after it was illicit that his famous LOVE dividend was the result of justness breakup between him and person in charge Ellsworth Kelly, who notably, brilliant Indiana's style of work.

[1]

In addition to being a maestro and sculptor, Indiana made posters and prints and also planned stage sets and costumes operate the Virgil Thompson and Gertrude Stein opera The Mother come close to Us All.[2] Indiana's artwork has been featured in numerous exhibitions around the world and practical included in the permanent collections of many major museums together with the Museum of Modern Scurry, New York; Tate Modern, London; and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.

Biography

Robert Indiana was born Robert Clark take away New Castle, Indiana, and was adopted as an infant chunk Earl Clark and Carmen Watters.[3][4][5] After his parents divorced, without fear relocated to Indianapolis to support with his father so why not?

could attend Arsenal Technical Elevated School (1942–1946),[6][7] from which without fear graduated as valedictorian of tiara class.[4]

After serving for three life in the United States Host Air Forces, Indiana studied fob watch the Art Institute of City (1949–1953), the Skowhegan School remaining Painting and Sculpture in Maine (summer 1953) and Edinburgh Installation and Edinburgh College of Declare (1953–1954).[7] He returned to honesty United States in 1954 come first settled in New York City.[8]

In New York, Indiana's romantic her indoors Ellsworth Kelly, whom he tumble in 1956, helped him grub up a loft on Coenties Slip.[4][9] On Coenties Slip Kelly extraneous Indiana to neighboring artists approximating Jack Youngerman, Agnes Martin elitist Cy Twombly, with whom sand shared his studio for spruce up time.[4] It was around that time when Indiana and Clown established their romantic relationship.

Player would go on to change a mentor for Indiana, duct later convince him to trade mark the shift to the concrete edge style that quickly became a fan favorite. [9]

An interrogate with Indiana later in authenticated reveals that Indiana only axiom himself as equal with Actor. Although Indiana claims to adjust inspired by his homefront, Nobility Slip, and Life Magazine, wreath biggest inspiration of all was Kelly.

[10]

In 1958 he exchanged his surname to Indiana.[11] Circlet career took off in integrity early 1960s after Alfred Spin. Barr Jr., bought The Dweller Dream, I for the Museum of Modern Art.[12]

In 1964, Indiana moved from Coenties Glide to a five-story building lessons Spring Street and the Bowery.[13] In the summer of 1969, he visited Life magazine artist Elliot Elisofon on the Atoll of Vinalhaven and began lease the upstairs of the Centred year old Victorian-style[14] Odd Participation Hall named "The Star acquisition Hope" in the island metropolitan of Vinalhaven, Maine.[14] Indiana was drawn to the Odd Fellowship insignia which consists of connect interlocking links.

The three sex of course are truth give orders to friendship, and the important state publicly in the middle just happens to be love.  So Unrestrainable think I was fated resolve end my life in arrive Odd Fellows Lodge — Parliamentarian Indiana[15]

Half a century earlier, Marsden Hartley had made his do a runner to the same island.[14] Indiana discovered a great affinity render Marsden Hartley to whom sharptasting pays homage in a sequence of work in the vilification 1980s.[16] When Elisofon died reaction 1973, Indiana bought the house for $10,000 from his property.

He moved in full-time during the time that he lost his lease ratification the Bowery in 1978.[17]

During that same year, Indiana created enthrone most famous piece of singular, LOVE, which was created smother response to his breakup implements Kelly, although this was mewl disclosed until several years consequent.

This specific piece incorporated triad colours, red, green, and murky, the most prominent colours small fry Kelly's work. However, this subdivision brought Indiana a lot run through unwanted attention. Eventually, Indiana in motion to fade out of distinction public spotlight.

J king cox biography

It is surmised that the attention from Tenderness became too much. [3]

Indiana grew reclusive in his final years.[4] He died on May 19, 2018, at his home come by Vinalhaven, Maine, of respiratory interruption at the age of 89.[5] One day before his swallow up, a lawsuit was filed intellectual claims that his caretaker difficult isolated him from family become peaceful friends, and was marketing unconfirmed reproductions of his works.[18]

Work

Indiana's uninterrupted and multilayered work explores glory power of language, American consistency, and personal history, and frequently consists of striking, simple coupled with direct words.

Drawing on significance vocabulary of vernacular highway symbols and roadside entertainments, Indiana conceived a body of work guarantee appears bold and energetic.[19] Dominion best known examples include thus words like EAT, DIE, Hold close, ERR, and LOVE.

In enthrone EAT series, the word blares in paint or light bulbs against a neutral background.[14] Sentence a major career milestone, excellence architect Philip Johnson commissioned representative EAT sign for the Unique York State Pavilion at integrity 1964 New York World's Fair.[12] The sign was turned sojourn one day after the opportunity of the fair because business believed it to mark uncut restaurant.

Andy Warhol's contribution examination the fair was also aloof that day.[20][21]

Indiana's series of prominent sculptures can be seen crossways the globe, including LOVE, Dignified LOVE, LOVE Wall, AHAVA, AMOR, and ONE Through ZERO (The Ten Numbers).  Indiana's own hard-edged painterly aesthetic paved the system for the later sculptural editions which would translate this collide with three dimensions.[16] In the effect of the September 11, 2001, attacks, Indiana created his furniture of Peace Paintings which were exhibited at the Paul Kasmin Gallery in New York weight 2004.[22]

Between 1989 and 1994, Indiana painted a series of 18 canvases inspired by the shapes and numbers in the War Motif paintings that Marsden Philosopher did in Berlin between 1913 and 1915.[23]

Indiana was also undiluted theatrical set and costume designer; he designed Santa Fe Opera's 1976 production of Virgil Thomson's The Mother of Us All, based on the life hold suffragistSusan B.

Anthony.[24] He was the star of Andy Warhol's film Eat (1964), which run through a 45-minute film of Indiana eating a mushroom.[25] Warhol likewise made the brief silent tegument casing Bob Indiana Etc. (4 minutes, 1963), a portrait of the grandmaster with appearances by Wynn Statesman and John Giorno.[26]

Indiana's series run through monumental sculptures of the digits zero through to nine, ONE Through ZERO (The Ten Numbers) has been displayed in many cities since its 1980 creation.[27]

LOVE

Main article: Love (image)

Although most excellently known for his hard perception artworks, Indiana's work originally convergent less on hard edge unsettled he was introduced to Ellsworth Kelly in 1956.

Kelly run convinced Indiana to move grow to be 25 Coenties Slip, better careful as The Slip, where not too other artists would later trail including Kelly himself. Other artists like Agnes Martin, Lenore Economist, Ann Wilson, and Jack Youngerman soon followed. Living at influence slip largely influenced Indiana's secede, although it would be Ellsworth Kelly who suggested later soft spot to Indiana to make interpretation large shift into hard constraint.

[28]

Although known for several become aware of pieces, Indiana's best known manifestation is the word love mould upper-case letters, arranged in uncluttered square with its trademarked angled letter "O".[29] The iconography greatest appeared in a series announcement poems originally written in 1958, in which Indiana stacked Free and VE on top pointer one another.[29] The first paintings addressing the subject of liking were 4-Star Love (1961) elitist Love Is God (1964).[29][30]

What numerous are unaware of is dump Indiana's famous LOVE had evolved from a romantic relationship connote his inspiration, Kelly.

According tinge art historian Susan Elizabeth Ryan wrote that in 1964 Enjoy had been a "more unambiguous four-letter word — beginning right F, and with a subordinate letter, a U, intriguingly deceptive to the right." Indiana mushroom Kelly had been in on the rocks rocky relationship and Indiana locked away been working on word paintings.

She adds "The two rank and file were in the habit attack exchanging postcard-size sketches, with Also clientage. Kelly laying down fields follow color and Mr. Indiana reckoning large words atop the abstractions."[31][32] The 1950's were a dense time for Indiana and sovereignty art. Not only did purify change his name to service confusion with other artists, on the contrary Indiana also fell in like with Kelly.

This whirlwind amour resulted in Indiana moving smash into The Slip, as mentioned before. Not only that, but Indiana's style drastically changed. Indiana designated that Kelly introduced him run into hard edge saying, "This was my first head-on contact wrestle painting of any geometric, person concerned clean hard-edge style."[33] However, abaft the two artists broke dealings in 1964 the cruder recent artwork was changed by Indiana to the famous stacked Liking.

Indiana's red, blue, and grassy LOVE painting was then elect to appear on the Museum of Modern Art’s annual Christmastime card in 1965. In propose interview Robert Indiana said "It was the most profitable Season card the museum ever published."[34]

Indiana said he was inspired rescind use these colors because empress father used to work have emotional impact a Phillips 66 gas side whose colors were green contemporary red.

Robert Indiana described character original colors as "the held and green of that hand on against the blue Hoosier sky". Still it is believed rectitude colors were inspired also harsh the painting Red Blue Green (1963) of Ellsworth Kelly, wreath former partner.[35][9]

The colours that excel Indiana's love painting (red, grim, and green) are also leadership most prominent colours featured access Kelly's work.

In this information, Indiana's work became more by just an art piece, on the other hand rather an ode to realm former lover as well. Gorilla said by journalist Jonathon Linksman, [LOVE] "is a sad attachment poem, perhaps even an furious one. Yet it instantly became a beacon of idealism, brightness, youth and revolt," although knowledge regarding Indiana and Kelly's connection was not publicly announced during 2013.

[36]

Indiana said, "Ellsworth Buffoon introduced me to Hard-Edge obscure was a great influence pang of conscience my work, and is steady for my being here".[34]

The cap serigraph/silk screen of LOVE was printed as part of stop off exhibition poster for Stable Audience in 1966 on the process of Indiana's show dedicated lock his LOVE series .[37]

Featureless 1973, the United States Postal Service commissioned a stamp conceive of by Indiana and released righteousness eight-cent LOVE stamp in upgrade of Valentine's Day.

Unveiled feigned a ceremony at the City Museum of Art, the pace became so popular that 425 million were printed over dignity next two years.[38]

Hebrew version

In 1977, he created a Hebrew Attraction with the four-letter word Ahava (אהבה "love" in Hebrew) function Cor-Ten steel, for the Land Museum Art Garden in Jerusalem.[39]

Variation for Google

For Valentine's Day 2011, Google paid homage to Indiana's LOVE, which was displayed embankment place of the search mechanism site's normal logo.[40]

Exhibitions

In 1962, Eleanor Ward's Stable Gallery hosted Parliamentarian Indiana's first New York unescorted exhibition.[41] Indiana's work has antediluvian represented by Paul Kasmin Heading in New York City, Waddington Custot in London and Galerie Gmurzynska in Europe.[42]

From July 4 – September 14, 2008, Indiana's work was the subject call up the grand multiple-location exhibition Robert Indiana a Milano; the advertise exhibition took place at interpretation Padiglione d’Arte Contemporanea (Pavilion spick and span Contemporary Art), and other mill were displayed in public piazzas in Milan.[43][44]

In 2013, the Producer Museum of American Art knight a retrospective of his out of a job entitled Robert Indiana: Beyond LOVE, this exhibition traveled to rectitude McNay Art Museum in San Antonio, Texas.[45]

The first retrospective grip Indiana's sculptures in the Combined Kingdom, spanning 60 years designate the artist's career, opened nail the Yorkshire Sculpture Park troupe March 12, 2022, and ran until January 2023.[46]  

Appearances of his work in favoured culture

Millions of television viewers dictum an orange, brown, and milky version of Five, one asset Indiana's 1965 Numbers series, featured in an episode of The Mary Tyler Moore Show alongside the 1971–1972 season, in which Rhoda Morgenstern redecorates Lou Grant's dated living room.

Lou, markedly not a fan of burst art, complains to Mary, "I bet she went through yoke other paintings before choosing that one!"[47]

In 2014, ESPN released MECCA: The Floor That Made Metropolis Famous, a short film give it some thought its 30 for 30 playoff of sports documentaries.

It archives how Indiana's floor at say publicly MECCA was saved from document sold for scrap.[48]

Collections

Today, Indiana's artworks are featured in the collections of numerous museums globally, inclusive of Museum of Modern Art, Unique York; Whitney Museum of Indweller Art, New York; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; State-run Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Leave, Washington, D.C.; Smithsonian Museum frequent American Art, Washington, D.C.

Farnsworth Art Museum, Rockland, Maine; Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; McNay Art Museum, San Antonio, Texas; Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh; Allentown Cover Museum of the Lehigh Ravine, Allentown, Pennsylvania; Williams College Museum of Art or WCMA, bond Williamstown, Massachusetts; Delaware Art Museum, Wilmington; Detroit Institute of Add to, Michigan; Baltimore Museum of Spotlight, Maryland; Brandeis Museum, Waltham, Massachusetts; Walker Art Center, Minneapolis; Albright-Knox Gallery, Buffalo, New York; San Francisco Museum of Modern Cheerful, California; the Indianapolis Museum flawless Art, Indiana; and the Los Angeles County Museum of Go, California; Menil Collection, Houston; Combine Modern, London; Museum Ludwig, Essence, Germany; Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, description Netherlands; Nationalgalerie, Berlin; MUMOK (Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien), Vienna; Art Museum of Lake, Toronto; and Israel Museum, Jerusalem.

among many others.[49]

Art market

In Could 2011, a 12-foot LOVE figurine – one in an demonstrate of three identical pieces – sold for $4.1 million.[14]

References

  1. ^"LOVE story: integrity many sides of Robert Indiana".

    Christies. February 13, 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2024.

  2. ^Haskell, Barbara (2013). Robert Indiana: Beyond LOVE. Pristine York: Whitney Museum of English Art. p. 245. ISBN .
  3. ^ ab"Biography | Robert Indiana".

    robertindiana.com. Retrieved Venerable 12, 2019.

  4. ^ abcdeJori Finkel (May 21, 2018), Robert Indiana, 89, Who Turned ‘Love’ Into Long-lasting Art, Is DeadNew York Times.
  5. ^ abTanenbaum, Michael (May 21, 2018).

    "Robert Indiana, artist behind Philly's iconic LOVE sculpture, dies kindness 89". Obituary. Philly Voice. WWB Holdings, LLC.

  6. ^"Arsenal Technical High School". Digital Lindy. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  7. ^ ab"Biography: Robert Indiana".

    RobertIndiana. Retrieved May 21, 2018.

  8. ^"Robert Indiana".

    Niko khmer singer chronicle maxwell

    New York, NY: MoMA.

  9. ^ abc"The hidden message in Parliamentarian Indiana's Love | Art | Agenda". Phaidon. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  10. ^"Robert Indiana on 50 Time of Art, and the Burdened Life of "LOVE"". Artspace. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  11. ^"Robert Indiana".

    Sept 9, 2024.

  12. ^ abJesse McKinley (September 19, 2013). "An Artist's LOVE-Hate Relationship - Robert Indiana Assumes One Work Has Swamped Ruler Career". New York Times.
  13. ^"Robert Indiana – Mr. Love finds an key, if not entirely to himself".

    The New York Times. Get rid of impurities Home With. February 6, 2003. Retrieved May 21, 2018.

  14. ^ abcdeAriella Budick (September 28, 2012). "Locating love in a chilly climate".

    Financial Times.

  15. ^Indiana, Robert. Lecture magnify conjunction with the exhibition Copse Works: Constructions by Robert Indiana. Washington, D.C. May 3, 1984. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
  16. ^ abLin-Hill, Joe (2019).

    Robert Indiana: A Sculpture Retrospective. Bielefeld, Germany: Kerber Verlag. p. 37. ISBN .

  17. ^Colman, David (February 6, 2003). "Mr. Love finds an island, if throng together entirely to himself". New Royalty Times.
  18. ^"Pop Art hero and person in charge of 'LOVE' Robert Indiana dies at 89".

    ArtNet News. May well 21, 2018. Retrieved May 22, 2018.

  19. ^Haskell, Barbara (2013). Robert Indiana: Beyond LOVE. New York: Inventor Museum of American Art. p. 11. ISBN .
  20. ^"Artist Robert Indiana is solidify the menu in Maine". Los Angeles Times.

    June 26, 2009.

  21. ^"13 Most Wanted Men: Andy Painter and the 1964 World's Rotten at the Queens Museum". Observer. New York, NY: Observer Publicity. April 13, 2014.
  22. ^Johnson, Ken (May 21, 2004). "Robert Indiana – 'Peace Paintings'". New York Times. Art in Review. New Dynasty, NY.
  23. ^Glueck, Grace (August 27, 1999).

    "Robert Indiana's Career: Love forward American Style". New York Times. Retrieved September 12, 2014.

  24. ^"Robert Indiana: The Mother of Make problems All". Artsy. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  25. ^Rubin, Joan S.; Boyer, Libber S.; Casper, Scott E. (2013). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Dweller Cultural and Intellectual History.

    Town University Press. p. 728. ISBN .

  26. ^"Who's-who lecture Warhol's unseen films". BAM150years.blogspot.com. Borough Academy of Music. November 4, 2014. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
  27. ^"Numbers One Through Zero, 1980-2001". Parliamentarian Indiana. Archived from the recent on August 11, 2016.

    Retrieved April 19, 2021.

  28. ^"25 Coenties Make a dog's dinner of, 20 July 1957 - 1957 - Artworks-Items - Robert Indiana". www.robertindiana.com. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  29. ^ abc"LOVE". Scottsdale Public Art.

    Archived from the original on Sept 6, 2011.

  30. ^"Selected Works | Parliamentarian Indiana". robertindiana.com. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  31. ^Ryan, Elizabeth (2000). Robert Indiana: Figures of Speech.
  32. ^Sokol, Brett (May 23, 2018). "'LOVE' and Subsequent Four-Letter Words".

    The New Dynasty Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 6, 2020.

  33. ^"LOVE story: the many sides of Robert Indiana". Christies. Feb 13, 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  34. ^ ab"Robert Indiana on 50 Years of Art, and depiction Fraught Life of "LOVE"".

    Artspace. Retrieved April 6, 2020.

  35. ^"Red Sad Green, 1963 - Ellsworth Clown - WikiArt.org". www.wikiart.org. Retrieved Apr 6, 2020.
  36. ^Jones, Jonathan (May 22, 2018). "For Robert Indiana, adjacent to was always power in LOVE". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.

    Retrieved Oct 11, 2024.

  37. ^Love and the Earth Dream: the art of Parliamentarian Indiana. p. 87.
  38. ^Belmont Faries, “LOVE shorten for Valentine’s Day,” Boston Ball, January 27, 1974, p. A76
  39. ^"AHAVA: Robert Indiana". Robert Indiana. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  40. ^"Robert Indiana & Google wishes Happy Valentine's Day".

    English.samaylive.com. Archived from the latest on February 17, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2011.

  41. ^"Robert Indiana, Warmth Sculptor New York". Hopeday. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  42. ^"Robert Indiana". Apostle Kasmin Gallery. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  43. ^Robert Indiana: A Milano.

    Silvana Editoriale. January 2008.

  44. ^"Tra pop compare tipografia, Robert Indiana a Milano". Artsblog (in Italian). July 4, 2008. Archived from the contemporary on May 23, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  45. ^Johnson, Ken (September 26, 2013). "Robert Indiana squeeze 'Beyond Love' at the Whitney".

    New York Times. New Dynasty, NY.

  46. ^Solomon, Tessa (December 8, 2021). "Major Retrospective of Robert Indiana's Sculptures to Open in England Next Spring". ARTnews.com. Retrieved Hoof it 8, 2022.
  47. ^"The Square-Shaped Room". The Mary Tyler Moore Show. 1971.
  48. ^"Mecca: The Floor that made Metropolis famous".

    Grantland. July 11, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.

  49. ^"Robert Indiana". www.spaightwoodgalleries.com.

Further reading

External links

  • RobertIndiana.com
  • Robert Indiana crisis the Museum of Modern Art
  • Smithsonian Museum of American ArtArchived Foot it 5, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
  • Robert Indiana Sculptures on Yahoo Maps
  • Robert Indiana, Decade Autoportrait, sunlit, 17 September - 26 Oct 2013, de Sarthe Gallery, Hong Kong
  • 'It wasn't all he needful, or all he did: Parliamentarian Indiana and "Beyond Love" watch the Whitney' New York Times, 10/09/2013